The research was focused on the weathering pathologies affecting the stone surfaces that, in the last decades, suffered several detachments of fragments from the coatings and from other architectural elements such as string courses, eaves, and capitals. This paper reports a detailed study on some relevant portions of the main faГ§ades of Caserta Royal Palace (Reggia di Caserta), one of the most important Italian monuments, comparable for its impressive architecture to the Royal Palace of Versailles in France and considered the largest royal palace in the world by volume. No systematic studies exist on the synergy between soiling and atmospheric damage caused by atmospheric PM.

Even though numerous studies have treated soiling and atmospheric damage separately, there is an overlap between these two processes. The additional contribution of this work is thus, the critical evaluation of soiling measurements, and accordingly, due to the change of pollution situation, redefinition of soiling is proposed. With the change of pollution situation, the lightness measurements do not represent the degree of soiling correctly. In the past, it was believed that black carbon (BC) was the primary soiling agent and that the change of the lightness could effectively measure the soiling. Even if soiling was recognized long ago, its definition and knowledge have not changed much for several decades. The second phenomenon related to cultural heritage material and PM pollution is soiling. Considering this, one of the important contributions of this work is to review the existing knowledge on PM influence on atmospheric damage, further recognize, and critically evaluate the main gaps in current understanding. However, the atmospheric damage effect of PM is rather complicated its variable composition accelerates the deterioration process. Atmospheric damage and soiling are recognized as two pivotal forms of deterioration of cultural heritage materials caused by air pollution. The final aim was to provide useful information for the Gallery which recently included this painting in its permanent collection.ДЄtmospheric gases and particulate matter (PM) in contact with the materialвЂ™s surface lead to chemical and physical changes, which in most cases cause degradation of the cultural heritage material.

Hence, the present study may be of interest for conservation purposes as well as for enhancing the artistic activity of Andreina Rosa.

By crossing the information gained, it was possible to make inferences about the composition of the groundings and the painted layers, the state of conservation of the artwork, and the presence of degradation phenomena.

Microsamples, collected from the edges of the canvas in areas partially detached, were studied by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A comprehensive and systematic diagnostic campaign was carried out, mainly adopting non-invasive imaging and spectroscopic methods, such as technical photography, optical microscopy, hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy (HIS), fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), External Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ER-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopies. A multi-analytical approach has been employed to investigate the painting Natura Morta (1954вЂ“1955) by Andreina Rosa (1924вЂ“2019) to assess the state of conservation and to understand more about the painting materials and techniques of this artwork, which was recently donated by the painterвЂ™s heirs to the International Gallery of Modern Art CaвЂ™ Pesaro (Venice-Italy).

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